Instant, ground, and decaffeinated coffee consumption, especially at 2-3 cups per day, was substantially linked to lower rates of incident cardiovascular disease and mortality.

Using the UK Biobank, a study evaluated relationships between incident outcomes and different subtypes of coffee.

Decaffeinated, ground, and instant coffee subtypes were separated into 0, <1, 1, 2–3, 4–5, and >5 cups per day and contrasted to people who do not drink. Cardiovascular disease comprised ischemic stroke, cardiac failure, and coronary heart disease. Hazard ratios (HRs) using Cox regression modelling were used to analyze the link between mortality, cardiovascular disease, and incident arrhythmia. Death records and International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes were used to determine outcomes.

Overall, 449 563 patients (median age- 58 years and female prevalence- 55.3%) were monitored for 12.5 ± 0.7 years. At one to five cups per day, drinking caffeinated (ground or instant) coffee was linked to a considerable decrease in arrhythmia, but not with decaffeinated coffee. Four to five cups of ground coffee every day [HR 0.83] and two to three cups every day of instant coffee carried the lowest risk (HR 0.88).

In comparison to non-drinkers, all subtypes of coffee were related to a minimized risk of cardiovascular disease. The lowest risk was noted for 2-3 cups per day of instant coffee, ground coffee, and decaffeinated coffee). All-cause mortality was considerably decreased for all subtypes of coffee, with instant coffee (HR 0.89), ground coffee (HR 0.73), and decaffeinated coffee (HR 0.86) providing the largest reduction in risk.

Consumption of different subtypes of coffee improved cardiovascular outcomes and survival. Instant and ground but not decaffeinated coffee was related to a reduction in the risk of arrhythmia.